TOEFL is used for:
·
Ensure that
the students understand
the description given lecturer in English (listening
skills).
·
Students understand the books that are required textbook (reading
skills).
·
Students are able to make scientific writing
with correct grammar
(writing and grammar
skills).
Here I will discuss about
what type contained
in toefl structure.
The type of structure of the TOEFL
are so many, as
follow
1.
Noun
Clauses
Noun clause is a clause (ie
subject and verb)
that functioned as
a noun. Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as a subject and
an object of the sentence.
Noun clause can be preceded by:
- Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
a)
Single
question word (i.e. when, how, what, ect.).
b)
Question
word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.
c)
Question
word + infinitive.
- Conjunction (i.e. whether dan if).
So the pattern of the noun clause is:
Question word/conjunction/that +
subject + verb + …
A.
Noun clauses beginning with the words Question
In How to Address
Questions have already discussed about the use
of the word in question and make information
both questions and
in making embedded questions. Embedded questions
are noun clause Noun clauses
B.
Noun clauses beginning with whether/if
Whether can be followed by OR / NOT can also not; although
the meaning of the sentence is usually the same OR
/ NOT is not
mentioned (this depends on
the context of the sentence).
example:
example:
I am not sure whether she is
coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming =
I am not sure whether she is coming.
C.
Noun clauses beginning with that
/ the fact
that
Here, that means
that, while the
fact that means
the fact that. Meanwhile,
the adjective clauses
that mean that.
example:
That she has had a PhD degree at the
age of 20 surprises
a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD
degree at the age of 20.
2.
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that’s used to give information about a
verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs can make the meaning of a verb,
adjective, or other adverb stronger or weaker. There are several different
types of adverbs, as follows:
A.
Adverb
of Manner : He speaks honestly.
B.
Adverb of Frequency : She will never be late in the
afternoon
C. Adverb of Certainty : The man probably
knows the location of the accide
3.
Basic
Sentences Stucture
In general, there was no
significant difference between the structure of English sentences with Indonesian, where
a sentence is
built on four main components, namely:
Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier
(M)
Example:
We
studied grammar last week
We
+ studied + grammar + last week
S
+ V + C + M
·
SUBJECT
ü is the agent of sentence in the active voice is thing/person that performs or responsible
for the action of a sentence
ü normally precedes the verb
Example:
I explain
how to study English
She listens
to my explanation
They didn’t
understand that language
Subjects can be seen
from the question who or what is doing the act
in a sentence.
·
VERB
Verb
is the action of a sentence
Verb
phrase: combination auxilaries with main verb
Example:
I am
learning English (am = auxilary, learning =
main verb)
My
brother is very clever
She has
gone home (has = auxilary, gone =
main verb)
I have
been waiting here (have been =
auxilary, waiting = main verb)
Every sentence have to Verb
·
COMPLEMENT
Usually a noun or noun phrase, usually found after the verb in the active
sentence
complement to answer
the question what or who
Example:
Sarijon bought a cake yesterday
What did Sarijon buy
yesterday? –> a cake.
He saw Tony at the
movie
Whom did he see at the movie?
–> Tony
I explain pharmacology to
my students
What do I explain to my students?
–> pharmacology
·
MODIFIER
Modifier describes the
time, place, or
manner of an
action or actions
The most common form of the modifier is a
propositional phrase (group of words that begins with a preposition
and ends with a
noun Preposition =
on, out, under, behind, etc ...
Modifier answer questions when, where, or how
Modifier answer questions when, where, or how
Example:
John bought a book at a
book fair
Where did John buy a book?
–> at a book fair
She is driving very fast
How is she driving? –> very fast
I posted my application yesterday
When do I post my application?
–> yesterday
4.
Parallel
Structure
Parallelism meaning of words used in a series or group
must have the same form in the grammar . When we use words or phrases that are
connected by a circuit , then it must be the same shape as a grammar . Consider
the following example :
* Terry likes
swimming and to dive . ( False - not parallel )
* Terry likes
swimming and diving . ( True - parallel )
* Terry likes to swim and ( to ) dive . ( True - parallel )
* I'm taking history , math , and chemical . ( False - Chemical not a noun )
* I'm taking history , math , and chemistry
Sometimes the words are repeated as auxiliary verbs , can be removed in the next series .
* I have been to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower . ( False - should have seen PBUH )
* I have been to Paris and have seen the Eiffel Tower . ( True )
* I have been to Paris and seen the Eiffel Tower . ( True and better than the sample to 2 )
* Is she coming to the party or go to a movie ? ( incorrect )
* Is she coming to the party or going to a movie ? ( True )
* Terry likes to swim and ( to ) dive . ( True - parallel )
* I'm taking history , math , and chemical . ( False - Chemical not a noun )
* I'm taking history , math , and chemistry
Sometimes the words are repeated as auxiliary verbs , can be removed in the next series .
* I have been to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower . ( False - should have seen PBUH )
* I have been to Paris and have seen the Eiffel Tower . ( True )
* I have been to Paris and seen the Eiffel Tower . ( True and better than the sample to 2 )
* Is she coming to the party or go to a movie ? ( incorrect )
* Is she coming to the party or going to a movie ? ( True )
Example:
I
swept the yard, weeded the garden and …. the clothes.
a.
was washing c.
washing
b.
wash d.
washed
answer: :
I swept the yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes, because it uses simple past tense sentence that uses all three without Auxiliary verb, so the words wash should also use third verb without Auxiliary.
I swept the yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes, because it uses simple past tense sentence that uses all three without Auxiliary verb, so the words wash should also use third verb without Auxiliary.
5.
Comparative
Adjectives
When talking about the
two objects, we can compare and see the differences as
well similarities between the two objects. Maybe
it has the same thing
on one side
and the difference on the other side. To compare the difference between the two objects we use comparative adjectives. Comparison of using only
comparative adjectives to compare between two
objects only.
There are two ways to create a comparative adjectives:
There are two ways to create a comparative adjectives:
1. Adding the
suffix-er (short adjectives)
2. Adding more
prefix (long adjectives)
The addition of the suffix rules for
short adjectives:
o
Generally only added adjective-er,
for example: older, smaller, richer, etc.
o
If the ending-e, just add
r, for example: later, nicer, etc.
o
If the ending consonant-vowel-consonant, consonant plus
the latter, then
plus-er, for
example: bigger, hotter, etc.
o
If the ending-y, then y
changed to i then
added er, for
example: happier, Earlier,
busier, heavier, etc.
For long adjectives,
the rule only adds
more words only
on adjectives, for
example: expensive become more expensive, beautiful
become more beautiful,
etc..
Some adjectives have irregular shape, for example, good - better, well (healthy) - better, bad - worse, far - farther / further, etc.
Some adjectives have irregular shape, for example, good - better, well (healthy) - better, bad - worse, far - farther / further, etc.
Adjectives with two syllables can
use the-er or
more: quiet - quieter
/ more quiet,
clever - cleverer
/ more clever,
narrow - narrower
/ more narrow,
simple - Simpler
/ more simple.
Comparative adjectives
are not only used
to compare two different
objects, but can also
be used to compare
the same object that points to itself, and
the object in question does not need to be mentioned again, like the one
above example sentence:
I want to have a more
powerful computer.
Adjectives with one syllable
Adjectives with one syllable
To make the comparative form of an adjective has one syllable, we add-er to the adjective, for example:
slow
– slower
fast
– faster
To make a comparison
of an adjective has
one syllable and ends
with the letter e,
we just add-r. example:
nice - nicer
large - larger
If adjectives with
one syllable ending with vowels and consonants, then we double the consonant. example:
big - bigger
hot - hotter
Adjectives with two syllables
If the adjective
has two or
more syllables, we
add more before the adjective. example:
This book is more expensive than
that book.
This picture is
more beautiful.
However, there are
many exceptions to
the rule of one / two syllables of this.
A few words with
2 syllables have
properties similar to words that have
1 syllable. example:
This is Easier - True
This is more easy - not true
And some adjectives
can be used both comparative
form.
example:
The
Nile river is ____ than the Amazon.
a.
longer c. longest
b.
more long d.
long
The Nile river
is longer than
the Amazon, because the necessary adjective phrase consists of only one syllable, and only
comparing two objects.
6.
Conditional
Clauses
Conditional (sentence
presupposition) explains that an activity
contrary to other activities. The most common
conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal
Conditonal, sometimes also called if-clauses. Real Conditional (often
also referred to as Conditional Type I) which
describes mengandai suppose in accordance with the facts.
Unreal Conditional
(often also referred
to as Conditional Type II)
which describes the intangible supposition or
imagination. There is also a 3rd Conditional often
called the Conditional Type III, is used as a
regret that happened
in the past and zero conditionals, is used to
express something that is definitely true.
Conditional or modality has 3 forms:
1) Future Conditional
(Conditional Type 1)
This assumption states that something
might happen in
the future or now, if the terms / certain conditions are met.
Conditional Formula
Type 1:
If
+ Subject + present simple + subject + modals (will, can, may, must ) V1
(simple form)
Example: If have money I will buy a new car
If
+ Subject+ Simple present … + subject + simple-present
Example: If he has enough time, John usually
walks to school.
If
+ Subject + simple present …+ command form
2) Unreal
Present (Conditional Type 2)
This assumption states something contrary to what is or is happening
now.
If
+ subject + simple past + subject + modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple
Form)
contoh
: If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend
He
would tell you about it if he were here
* for if-clause in this form only to be
"were" is used for all subjects.
if the conditional type 2 can be removed is by the use of inversion pattern:
if the conditional type 2 can be removed is by the use of inversion pattern:
Were
+ subject + Adj/Noun + subject + modal (would, could, might) + V1
contoh
: Were I John I would not forgive you.
He
could hug me, if he were here.
3)
Unreal
Past (Conditional Type 3)
This assumption states something contrary to what has happened (past).
Rumus
Conditional Type 3:
If
+ Subject + Past Perfect … subject + modals ( would, could, might) + have V3
Example:
If
it _____ so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside
a.
was c.
weren’t
b.
was not x d.
had not
If it was not
so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside, because the parent sentence
using the V1, so it must use the sentence modality type 2 and thus require simple
past tenses
.
7. Nouns
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. Categories Noun:
A.
Compound noun: A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general. There are several different types of compound noun, as follows:
Ø Countable
compound nouns: address book
Ø Plural compound
nouns: armed forces
Ø Singular
compound nouns: cost of living
Ø Uncountable
compound nouns: air conditioning
B.
Countable nouns: nouns are words which
can be counted. They have a singular form and a plural form. They usually refer
to things. Most countable nouns become plural by adding an ‘s’ at the end of
the word.
Example: book ( I bought a book last week)
C.
Collective nouns: Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things.
For example: the jury
is trying to make ecision now ß that can be follow with singular and plural verb
D.
Uncountable noun: nouns are words
which cannot be counted. Therefore, they only have a singular form. They have
no plural forms.
For example: I need a water (wrong)
I need some
water (right)
8. Adjective
Clause
An adjective clause usually comes after the noun it modifies and is made up of several
words which, like all clauses, will
include a subject and a verb.
A. Subject pronoun: who – which – that
Example:
The
couple have two boys and two daughters.
They
live next door.
The couple who live next door have
two boys and two daughters.
B.
Object
pronoun: who – which – that
Example:
The man was my english teacher.
You saw him at the station last
night.
The man who/whom you saw at the station last night was my
english teacher.
C.
Using
whose and where
Example:
The man is my next door neighbor.
His computer was stolen a few days
ago.
The man whose computer was stolen a few days ago is my next
door neighbor.
9. Indirect
Speech
Indirect speech, also called reported
speech or indirect discourse,
is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting
them explicitly as is done in direct speech.
A. Indirect Speech – Statement
Direct : Jenni said, “I buy this dictionary at a bookshop.”
Indirect : Jenni told me (that) she bought this dictionary at a
bookshop
B. Indirect Speech – Question
Direct : John asked me, “do you still take an English course?”
Indirect : John asked me if I still took an English course.
C. Indirect Speech – Command
Direct : The instructor said, “lie down on the grass?”
Indirect : The instructor told me to lie down on the grass.
D. Indirect Speech – Question Words
Direct : He said, “when did you buy this new car?”
Indirect : He asked me when I had bought this new car
10.
Passive Voice
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is
not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
A. Passive Voice in All Tenses : His
father is always helped (by John) in the garden (simple present tense).
B. Passive Form of Modals : This novel can
be translated (by his brother) into Indonesia.
11.
Articles
articles in English are the definite
article the and the indefinite articles a and an (and
sometimes some). Use of the definite article implies that the
speaker assumes the listener knows the identity of the noun's referent.
A.
Indefinite
Article a-an : A lion is a wild animal.
B. Definite Article : She is the lady
we met at the supermarket yesterday morning.
C. Zero Article : Cat’s don’t like cold weather.
12.
Gerund
A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions
as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the
other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action
or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies
some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would.
Ø Gerund as subject : Running in the morning is good for
health.
Ø Gerund as a complement :One of her hobbies is collecting
foreign stamps.
Ø Gerund as an object : My father likes hunting in the
forest.
Ø Gerund after preposition : He was not capable of doing the
work.
Ø Gerund after possessive adjective : His leaving will make them sad.
Ø Gerund after certain verbs : We kept hoping he would come last night.
Ø Gerund after the verb go :We usually go to fishing on Saturday
afternoon.
Ø Passive gerund : This old television set needs
repairing
13.
Causative
The causative is a common structure in English. It is used
when one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something.
A.
Causative
– Have: I have him repair the window.
B. Causative – Get: I often get my little brother to clean his
room.
C. Causative – Make: The robber made the teller give him all
the money in the drawer.
14.
Helping Verbs
Helping verbs have no meaning on their
own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they
do not tell us very much alone.
Ø TO BE : AM, IS, ARE
Example : I am an employee
Ø TO BE : WAS, WERE
Example
: I was an employee
Ø TO BE : BEING, BEEN
Example : I will be very busy tomorrow morning.
Ø TO BE + USED TO
+ NOUN/VERB-ING
Example : He is used to having breakfast before
leaving for office
Ø THERE IS –
THERE ARE
Example
: There is a book on the table
Example
: There are five books on that table
15.
Tenses
A. Simple Present Tense
reveals frequent
activities or routines. For example, do every day, every week, every month, every
year, and so on.
Stated circumstances, the nature of the objects / animals / people who remain, meaning that from the beginning until now (can not be denied) and probably will not be changed. For example, red blood, the earth was round, and so on..
Stated circumstances, the nature of the objects / animals / people who remain, meaning that from the beginning until now (can not be denied) and probably will not be changed. For example, red blood, the earth was round, and so on..
|
Kalimat
Positif (+)
Formula
a. We
go to campus everyday.
b. She
always helps her mother.
|
Kalimat
Negatif (-)
Formula
a. We
don’t go to campus everyday.
b. She
doesn’t always help her mother.
Kalimat
Pertanyaan (?)
|
Formula
a) Do
we go to campus everyday ?
b) Does
she always help her mother ?
B.
Simple
Future Tense
Stating activities to
be conducted at a time that will come.
Example:
Kalimat
Positif (+)
|
Formula
a)
He will meet you in Campus tomorrow
morning.
b)
She will visit her grandma next week .
Kalimat
Negatif (-)
|
Formula
a) He
will not meet you in Campus tomorrow morning.
b) She
will not visit her grandma next week .
Kalimat
Pertanyaan (?)
|
Formula
a) Will
he meet you in Campus tomorrow morning ?
b) Will
she visit her grandma next week ?
WH
Questions.
a) When
Will he meet you in Campus ?
b) When
Will she visit her grandma ?
C.
Present
Progressive Tense
Describe an
action that is ongoing at the present time.
Example:
Kalimat
Positif (+)
Formula
|
a) They
are studying English now.
b) He
is playing soccer .
|
Kalimat
Negatif (-)
Formula
a) They
are not studying English Now
b) He
is not playing soccer.
|
Kalimat
Pertanyaan (?)
Formula
a) Are
They studying English Now ?
b) Is
he playing soccer ?
WH
Questions
a) What
are they studying now ?
b) What
is he doing ?
D.
Present
Perfect Tense
Describe an
activity that is carried out in the past that still has something to do with
the present but the future is not clearly known.
Shows an act uklangan at a good time indefinite before now. In this case the words are often used separti before, already, ever, never, yet.
Shows an act uklangan at a good time indefinite before now. In this case the words are often used separti before, already, ever, never, yet.
Example:
|
Kalimat
Positif (+)
Formula
a) I
have ever been there.
b) He
has taught English since seven years ago.
Kalimat
Negatif (-)
Formula
|
a) I
have not ever been there.
b) He
has not taught English since seven years ago.
Kalimat
Pertanyaan (?)
|
Formula
a) Have
you ever been there ?
b) Has
he taught English since seven years ago ?
WH
Questions
a) Where
place have you ever been ?
b) How
log has he taught Engllish ?
E.
Simple
Past Tense
Stating that the activities done in
the past and the future in mind also.
Example:
Kalimat
Positif(+)
Formula
|
a) They
went to Yogyakarta last week.
b) She
came here yesterday.
Kalimat
Negatif (-)
Formula
|
a) They
didn’t go to Yogyakarta last week.
b) She
didn’t come here yesterday.
Kalimat
Pertanyaan (?)
|
Formula
a) Did
they go to Yogyakarta last week ?
b) Did
she come here yesterday ?
WH
Questions
a) Where
did they go last week ?
b) When
did she come here ?
F.
Present
Perfect Progressive tense
Stating act that began in the past and
has continued until now.Example:
Kalimat
Positif (+)
|
Formula
a) We
have been waiting for you since seven o’clock.
b) She
has been studying English for three years.
Kalimat
Negatif (-)
|
Formula
a) We
have not been waiting for you since seven o’clock.
b) She
has not been studying English for three years.
Kalimat
Pertanyaan(?)
|
Formula
a) Have
You been waiting for me since seven o’clock ?
b) Has
She been studying English for three years ?
WH
Questions
a) Who
have You been waiting since seven o’clock ?
b) What
has She been studying for three years ?
Source:
