STRUCTURE TOEFL

TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) test is used to determine a person's level of proficiency in English.

TOEFL is used for:

·         Ensure that the students understand the description given lecturer in English (listening skills).

·         Students understand the books that are required textbook (reading skills).

·         Students are able to make scientific writing with correct grammar (writing and grammar skills).

Here I will discuss about what type contained in toefl structure.

The type of structure of the TOEFL are so many, as follow

1.    Noun Clauses

Noun clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) that functioned as a noun. Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as a subject and an object of the sentence.

Noun clause can be preceded by:

• Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:

a)       Single question word (i.e. when, how, what, ect.).

b)       Question word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.

c)       Question word + infinitive.

• Conjunction (i.e. whether dan if).

That atau the fact that

So the pattern of the noun clause is:

Question word/conjunction/that + subject + verb + …

A.     Noun clauses beginning with the words Question

In How to Address Questions have already discussed about the use of the word in question and make information both questions and in making embedded questions. Embedded questions are noun clause Noun clauses

B.     Noun clauses beginning with whether/if

Whether can be followed by OR / NOT can also not; although the meaning of the sentence is usually the same OR / NOT is not mentioned (this depends on the context of the sentence).
example:

I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming.

C.     Noun clauses beginning with that / the fact that

Here, that means that, while the fact that means the fact that. Meanwhile, the adjective clauses

that mean that.

example:

That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.

2.    Adverbs

An adverb is a word that’s used to give information about a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Adverbs can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb stronger or weaker. There are several different types of adverbs, as follows:

A.    Adverb of Manner : He speaks honestly.

B.      Adverb of Frequency : She will never be late in the afternoon 

C.   Adverb of Certainty : The man probably knows the location of the accide

3.    Basic Sentences Stucture

In general, there was no significant difference between the structure of English sentences with Indonesian, where a sentence is built on four main components, namely:

Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)

Example:

We studied grammar last week

We + studied + grammar + last week

S + V + C + M

·         SUBJECT

ü  is the agent of sentence in the active voice is thing/person that performs or responsible for the action of a sentence

ü  normally precedes the verb

Example:

I explain how to study English

She listens to my explanation

They didn’t understand that language

Subjects can be seen from the question who or what is doing the act in a sentence.

·         VERB

Verb is the action of a sentence

Verb phrase: combination auxilaries with main verb

Example:

I am learning English (am = auxilary, learning = main verb)

My brother is very clever

She has gone home (has = auxilary, gone = main verb)

I have been waiting here (have been = auxilary, waiting = main verb)

Every sentence have to Verb

·         COMPLEMENT

Usually a noun or noun phrase, usually found after the verb in the active sentence

complement to answer the question what or who

Example:

Sarijon bought a cake yesterday

What did Sarijon buy yesterday?  –> a cake.

He saw Tony at the movie

Whom did he see at the movie? –> Tony

I explain pharmacology to my students

What do I explain to my students? –> pharmacology

·         MODIFIER

Modifier describes the time, place, or manner of an action or actions

The most common form of the modifier is a propositional phrase (group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun Preposition = on, out, under, behind, etc ...
Modifier answer questions when, where, or how

Example:

John bought a book at a book fair

Where did John buy a book? –> at a book fair

She is driving very fast

How is she driving? –> very fast

I posted my application yesterday

When do I post my application? –> yesterday

4.    Parallel Structure

Parallelism meaning of words used in a series or group must have the same form in the grammar . When we use words or phrases that are connected by a circuit , then it must be the same shape as a grammar . Consider the following example :

* Terry likes swimming and to dive . ( False - not parallel )

* Terry likes swimming and diving . ( True - parallel )
* Terry likes to swim and ( to ) dive . ( True - parallel )
* I'm taking history , math , and chemical . ( False - Chemical not a noun )
* I'm taking history , math , and chemistry
Sometimes the words are repeated as auxiliary verbs , can be removed in the next series .
* I have been to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower . ( False - should have seen PBUH )
* I have been to Paris and have seen the Eiffel Tower . ( True )
* I have been to Paris and seen the Eiffel Tower . ( True and better than the sample to 2 )
* Is she coming to the party or go to a movie ? ( incorrect )
* Is she coming to the party or going to a movie ? ( True )

Example:

I swept the yard, weeded the garden and …. the clothes.

a. was washing                                    c. washing

b. wash                                                d. washed

answer: :
I swept the yard, weeded the garden and washed the clothes, because it uses simple past tense sentence that uses all three without Auxiliary verb, so the words wash should also use third verb without Auxiliary.

5.    Comparative Adjectives

When talking about the two objects, we can compare and see the differences as well similarities between the two objects. Maybe it has the same thing on one side and the difference on the other side. To compare the difference between the two objects we use comparative adjectives. Comparison of using only comparative adjectives to compare between two objects only.
There are two ways to create a comparative adjectives:

1. Adding the suffix-er (short adjectives)

2. Adding more prefix (long adjectives)

The addition of the suffix rules for short adjectives:

o   Generally only added adjective-er, for example: older, smaller, richer, etc.

o   If the ending-e, just add r, for example: later, nicer, etc.

o   If the ending consonant-vowel-consonant, consonant plus the latter, then plus-er, for example: bigger, hotter, etc.

o   If the ending-y, then y changed to i then added er, for example: happier, Earlier, busier, heavier, etc.

For long adjectives, the rule only adds more words only on adjectives, for example: expensive become more expensive, beautiful become more beautiful, etc..
Some adjectives have irregular shape, for example, good - better, well (healthy) - better, bad - worse, far - farther / further, etc.

Adjectives with two syllables can use the-er or more: quiet - quieter / more quiet, clever - cleverer / more clever, narrow - narrower / more narrow, simple - Simpler / more simple.

Comparative adjectives are not only used to compare two different objects, but can also be used to compare the same object that points to itself, and the object in question does not need to be mentioned again, like the one above example sentence: I want to have a more powerful computer.
Adjectives with one syllable

To make the comparative form of an adjective has one syllable, we add-er to the adjective, for example:

slow – slower

fast – faster

To make a comparison of an adjective has one syllable and ends with the letter e, we just add-r. example:

nice - nicer

large - larger

If adjectives with one syllable ending with vowels and consonants, then we double the consonant. example:

big - bigger

hot - hotter

Adjectives with two syllables

If the adjective has two or more syllables, we add more before the adjective. example:

This book is more expensive than that book.

This picture is more beautiful.

However, there are many exceptions to the rule of one / two syllables of this.

A few words with 2 syllables have properties similar to words that have 1 syllable. example:

This is Easier - True

This is more easy - not true

And some adjectives can be used both comparative form.

example:

The Nile river is  ____ than the Amazon.

a. longer                                  c. longest

b. more long                            d. long

The Nile river is longer than the Amazon, because the necessary adjective phrase consists of only one syllable, and only comparing two objects. 

6.    Conditional Clauses

Conditional (sentence presupposition) explains that an activity contrary to other activities. The most common conditional is Real and Unreal Conditonal Conditonal, sometimes also called if-clauses. Real Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type I) which describes mengandai suppose in accordance with the facts.

Unreal Conditional (often also referred to as Conditional Type II) which describes the intangible supposition or imagination. There is also a 3rd Conditional often called the Conditional Type III, is used as a regret that happened in the past and zero conditionals, is used to express something that is definitely true.

Conditional or modality has 3 forms:

1)      Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)

This assumption states that something might happen in the future or now, if the terms / certain conditions are met.

Conditional Formula Type 1:

If + Subject + present simple + subject + modals (will, can, may, must ) V1 (simple form)

Example: If have money I will buy a new car

If + Subject+ Simple present … + subject + simple-present

Example: If he has enough time, John usually walks to school.

If + Subject + simple present …+ command form

2)      Unreal Present (Conditional Type 2)

This assumption states something contrary to what is or is happening now.

If + subject + simple past + subject + modals (would, could, might) V1 (Simple Form)

contoh : If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend

He would tell you about it if he were here

* for if-clause in this form only to be "were" is used for all subjects.
if the conditional type 2 can be removed is by the use of inversion pattern:

Were + subject + Adj/Noun + subject + modal (would, could, might) + V1

contoh : Were I John I would not forgive you.

He could hug me, if he were here.

3)      Unreal Past (Conditional Type 3)

This assumption states something contrary to what has happened (past).

Rumus Conditional Type 3:

If + Subject + Past Perfect … subject + modals ( would, could, might) + have V3

Example:

If it _____ so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside

a. was                                                  c. weren’t

b. was not x                                         d. had not

If it was not so cloudy, we would plan on having the fair outside, because the parent sentence using the V1, so it must use the sentence modality type 2 and thus require simple past tenses

.

7.    Nouns

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. Categories Noun:

A.    Compound noun: A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general. There are several different types of compound noun, as follows:

Ø  Countable compound nouns: address book

Ø  Plural compound nouns: armed forces

Ø  Singular compound nouns: cost of living

Ø  Uncountable compound nouns: air conditioning

B.     Countable nouns: nouns are words which can be counted. They have a singular form and a plural form. They usually refer to things. Most countable nouns become plural by adding an ‘s’ at the end of the word.

Example:         book ( I bought a book last week)

C.     Collective nouns: Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things.

For example: the jury is trying to make ecision now ß that can be follow with singular and plural verb

D.    Uncountable noun: nouns are words which cannot be counted. Therefore, they only have a singular form. They have no plural forms.

For example:   I need a water (wrong)

I need some water (right)

8.    Adjective Clause

An adjective clause usually comes after the noun it modifies and is made up of several words which, like all clauses, will include a subject and a verb.

A.    Subject pronoun: who – which – that

Example:

The couple have two boys and two daughters.

They live next door.

The couple who live next door have two boys and two daughters.

B.     Object pronoun: who – which – that

Example:

The man was my english teacher.

You saw him at the station last night.

The man who/whom you saw at the station last night was my english teacher.

C.     Using whose and where

Example:

The man is my next door neighbor.

His computer was stolen a few days ago.

The man whose computer was stolen a few days ago is my next door neighbor.

9.    Indirect Speech

Indirect speech, also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech.

A.    Indirect Speech – Statement

Direct        : Jenni said, “I buy this dictionary at a bookshop.”

Indirect     : Jenni told me (that) she bought this dictionary at a bookshop

B.     Indirect Speech – Question

Direct        : John asked me, “do you still take an English course?”

Indirect     : John asked me if I still took an English course.

C.     Indirect Speech – Command

Direct        : The instructor said, “lie down on the grass?”

Indirect     : The instructor told me to lie down on the grass.

D.    Indirect Speech – Question Words

Direct        : He said, “when did you buy this new car?”

Indirect     : He asked me when I had bought this new car

10.           Passive Voice

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

A.    Passive Voice in All Tenses : His father is always helped (by John) in the garden (simple present tense).

B.     Passive Form of Modals : This novel can be translated (by his brother) into Indonesia.

11.           Articles

articles in English are the definite article the and the indefinite articles a and an (and sometimes some). Use of the definite article implies that the speaker assumes the listener knows the identity of the noun's referent.

A.    Indefinite Article a-an : A lion is a wild animal.

B.     Definite Article : She is the lady we met at the supermarket yesterday morning.

C.      Zero Article : Cat’s don’t like cold weather.

12.           Gerund

A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would.

Ø  Gerund as subject                              : Running in the morning is good for health.

Ø  Gerund as a complement                   :One of her hobbies is collecting foreign stamps.

Ø  Gerund as an object                           : My father likes hunting in the forest.

Ø  Gerund after preposition                    : He was not capable of doing the work.

Ø  Gerund after possessive adjective     : His leaving will make them sad.

Ø  Gerund after certain verbs                 : We kept hoping he would come last night.

Ø  Gerund after the verb go                   :We usually go to fishing on Saturday afternoon.

Ø  Passive gerund                                   : This old television set needs repairing

13.           Causative

The causative is a common structure in English. It is used when one thing or person causes another thing or person to do something. 

A.    Causative – Have: I have him repair the window.

B.      Causative – Get: I often get my little brother to clean his room.

C.      Causative – Make: The robber made the teller give him all the money in the drawer.

14.           Helping Verbs

Helping verbs have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone.

Ø  TO BE  : AM, IS, ARE

Example    : I am an employee

Ø  TO BE  : WAS, WERE

Example    : I was an employee

Ø  TO BE  : BEING, BEEN

Example    : I will be very busy tomorrow morning.

Ø  TO BE + USED TO + NOUN/VERB-ING

Example    : He is used to having breakfast before leaving for office

Ø  THERE IS – THERE ARE

Example    : There is a book on the table

Example    : There are five books on that table

15.           Tenses

A.    Simple Present Tense

reveals frequent activities or routines. For example, do every day, every week, every month, every year, and so on.
Stated circumstances, the nature of the objects / animals / people who remain, meaning that from the beginning until now (can not be denied) and probably will not be changed. For example, red blood, the earth was round, and so on.. 

I/we/they/you   +          INFINITIF He/she/it           +          INFINITIF  +  S

Kalimat Positif  (+)

Formula                                                    

a.       We go to campus everyday.

b.      She always helps her mother.

I/we/they/you +         Do not    +       INFINITIF He/she/it         +         Does not  +       INFINITIF

Kalimat Negatif (-)

Formula

a.      We don’t go to campus everyday.

b.      She doesn’t always help her mother.

Kalimat Pertanyaan (?)

Do     + I/we/they/you  +          INFINITIF Does + He/she/it           +          INFINITIF

Formula

a)      Do we go to campus everyday ?

b)      Does she always help her mother ?

B.     Simple Future Tense

Stating activities to be conducted at a time that will come.

Example:

Kalimat Positif (+)

Subject   + Will + INFINITIF(V1)

Formula

a)      He will meet you in Campus tomorrow morning.

b)      She will visit her grandma next week .

Kalimat Negatif (-)

Subject   + Will not + INFINITIF(V1)

Formula

a)      He will not meet you in Campus tomorrow morning.

b)      She will not visit her grandma next week .

Kalimat Pertanyaan  (?)

Will + Subject  + INFINITIF(V1)

Formula 

a)      Will he meet you in Campus tomorrow morning ?

b)      Will she visit her grandma next week ?

WH Questions.

a)      When Will he meet you in Campus ?

b)      When Will she visit her grandma ?

C.    Present Progressive Tense

Describe an action that is ongoing at the present time.

Example:

Kalimat Positif (+)

Formula 

Subject   +    To be  (am, are, is) + Present participle

a)      They are studying English now.

b)      He is playing soccer .

Subject   + To be (am, are, is) + Not + Present Participle

Kalimat Negatif (-)

 Formula

a)      They are not studying English Now

b)      He is not playing soccer.

To be  (am, are, is) +  Subject + Present Participle

 Kalimat Pertanyaan (?)

Formula

a)      Are They studying English Now ?

b)      Is he playing soccer ?

WH Questions

a)      What are they studying now ?

b)      What is he doing ?

D.    Present Perfect Tense

Describe an activity that is carried out in the past that still has something to do with the present but the future is not clearly known.
Shows an act uklangan at a good time indefinite before now. In this case the words are often used separti before, already, ever, never, yet.

Example:

I/ we/ you/ they          +          HAVE   +          Past Participle He/ she/ it                   +          HAS      +          Past Participle

Kalimat Positif (+)

Formula

a)      I have ever been there.

b)      He has taught English since seven years ago.

Kalimat Negatif (-)

Formula

I/ we/ you/ they          +  HAVE  Not   +          Past Participle He/ she/ it                   + HAS Not        +          Past Participle

a)      I have not ever been there.

b)      He has not taught English since seven years ago.

Kalimat Pertanyaan (?)

HAVE   +          I/ we/ you/ they          +   Past Participle HAS      +          He/ she/ it                   +   Past Participle

Formula

a)      Have you ever been there ?

b)      Has he taught English since seven years ago ?

WH Questions

a)      Where place have you ever been ?

b)      How log has he taught Engllish ?

E.     Simple Past Tense

Stating that the activities done in the past and the future in mind also.

Example:

Kalimat Positif(+)

Formula   

Subject   + Past Tense(V2)

a)      They  went to Yogyakarta last week.

b)      She came here yesterday.

Kalimat Negatif (-)

Formula

Subject   + did not + INFINITIF(V1)

a)      They  didn’t go to Yogyakarta last week.

b)      She didn’t come here yesterday.

Kalimat Pertanyaan (?)

Did + Subject  + INFINITIF(V1)

Formula            

a)      Did they  go to Yogyakarta last week ?

b)      Did she come here yesterday ?

WH Questions

a)      Where did they go last week ?

b)      When did she come here ?

F.     Present Perfect Progressive tense

Stating act that began in the past and has continued until now.Example:

Kalimat Positif (+)

I/ we/ you/they       +         HAVE   +   BEEN    +        Present Participle  He/ she/ it               +          HAS     +   BEEN    +        Present Participle

Formula

a)      We have been waiting for you since seven o’clock.

b)      She has been studying English for three years.

Kalimat Negatif (-)

I/ we/ you/they  +       HAVE  Not + BEEN   +  Present Participle  He/ she/ it          +       HAS  Not    + BEEN    + Present Participle

Formula

a)      We have not been waiting for you since seven o’clock. 

b)      She has not been studying English for three years.

Kalimat Pertanyaan(?)

HAVE   + I/ we/ you/they        +          BEEN  +  Present Participle HAS      + He/ she/ it                +          BEEN  + Present Participle

Formula

a)      Have You been waiting for me since seven o’clock ?

b)      Has She been studying English for three years ?

WH Questions

a)      Who have You been waiting since seven o’clock ?

b)      What has She been studying for three years ?

Source:

http://fikarzone.wordpress.com/2012/04/06/5-of-toefl-structure-test/

http://rizkyluppy.blogspot.com/